Effect of Tulobuterol Patch Versus Placebo on the Occurrence of Respiratory Adverse Events in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomies: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative respiratory adverse events are common in children. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the transdermal ß-2 agonist, tulobuterol, compared with that of placebo on the incidence of perioperative respiratory adverse events in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy. METHODS: In this triple-blinded (patient, anesthesia provider, and outcome assessor) randomized controlled trial, 188 patients were randomly allocated to receive tulobuterol or a placebo. The tulobuterol groups received a tulobuterol patch (1 mg) masked with a bandage, whereas the placebo only received the bandage. The assigned bandage was applied to the patients 8 to 10 hours before the surgery. The primary outcome was the occurrence of any perioperative respiratory adverse events: oxygen desaturation <95%, airway obstruction, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, severe coughing, or stridor. The outcomes were evaluated using the average relative effect test, which estimates the effect of individual components of a composite outcome and then averages effects across components. RESULTS: A total of 88 and 94 patients who received tulobuterol and placebo, respectively, were analyzed. The incidence of any perioperative respiratory adverse event was lower with tulobuterol (n = 13/88; 14.7%) than that with the placebo (n = 40/94; 42.5%), with an estimated average relative risk (95% confidence interval) across components of 0.35 (0.20-0.60; P < .001). The symptoms of airway obstruction were lower with tulobuterol (n = 8/88; 9.0%) than that with the placebo (n = 32/94; 34.0%), with relative risk (95% CI) of 0.31 (0.17-0.56; P < .001). The occurrence of severe coughing was lower with tulobuterol (n = 1/88; 1.1%) than that with the placebo (n = 8/94; 8.5%), with relative risk (95% CI) of 0.15 (0.03-0.68; P = .014). CONCLUSIONS: In preschool children undergoing tonsillectomy, the preoperative application of a tulobuterol patch could decrease the occurrence of perioperative respiratory adverse events. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of the tulobuterol patch in a broad spectrum of pediatric anesthesia.

Terbutaline attenuates LPS-induced injury of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells by cAMP/Epac signaling.

Acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by an acute onset of severe hypoxemia, is a common and devastating syndrome usually triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection from bacteria. This study is intended to explore whether terbutaline can alleviate LPS-induced human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMVEC) injury through cAMP/Epac signaling. LPS was utilized to induce ALI in HPMVECs, and after exposure of LPS-induced HPMVECs to terbutaline, the cellular functions including cell viability and apoptosis were measured by cell counting kit-8 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling. The protein expression related to cAMP/Epac signaling, apoptosis, and that of tight junction and inflammatory factors were evaluated at the same time. The effects of terbutaline on cellular functions were confirmed again after the addition of antagonists of cAMP and Epac, respectively. The levels of both cAMP and Epac reduced by LPS was concentration-dependently increased by terbutaline. The apoptosis and endothelial cell permeability damage of LPS-induced HPMVECs were enhanced after the addition of KT-5720 and ESI-09. The beneficial effects of terbutaline on alleviating the inflammation and apoptosis in HPMVECs injured by LPS are mediated by cAMP/Epac signaling, and this evidence would demonstrate the potential of terbutaline in the treatment of ALI.

Safety of As-Needed Budesonide-Formoterol in Mild Asthma: Data from the Two Phase III SYGMA Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Budesonide-formoterol taken as needed is an emerging treatment for mild asthma. OBJECTIVE: We used data from the SYGMA studies to assess the safety of As-needed budesonide-formoterol compared with As-needed terbutaline and compared with maintenance budesonide. METHODS: SYGMA 1 and 2 were 52-week, double-blind, parallel-group studies in patients aged ≥ 12 years with physician-assessed mild asthma. Patients were randomized to As-needed budesonide-formoterol 200/6 µg, twice-daily budesonide 200 µg as maintenance plus As-needed terbutaline 0.5 mg, and As-needed terbutaline 0.5 mg (SYGMA 1 only). Adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), discontinuations due to AEs (DAEs), and study-defined asthma-related discontinuations from corresponding treatment groups in both studies were pooled. SYGMA 1 data were used for comparisons with As-needed terbutaline alone. RESULTS: The pooled analysis included 3366 patients in the As-needed budesonide-formoterol group and 3369 in the budesonide maintenance group, with AEs in 40.8% and 42.5% of patients, respectively. Common AEs included viral upper respiratory tract infection (viral URTI) and URTI. SAE, DAE, and asthma-related discontinuation rates were similar with As-needed budesonide-formoterol and maintenance budesonide. Potential local and systemic corticosteroid class effects were reported in ≤ 1% of patients for each budesonide-containing regimen. In SYGMA 1, AEs were more common in the As-needed terbutaline (n = 1277) than As-needed budesonide-formoterol (n = 1277) groups (42.7 vs. 38.0%), as were DAEs (2.9 vs. 0.8%) and asthma-related discontinuations (1.6 vs. 0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Budesonide-formoterol anti-inflammatory reliever therapy is generally well-tolerated in patients with mild asthma and has a safety profile similar to that of daily budesonide. No new safety signals were identified. CLINICALTRIAL. GOV IDENTIFIERS: NCT02149199 (SYGMA 1) and NCT02224157 (SYGMA 2).

Serotonin Syndrome Following Terbutaline Administration in a Heart Transplant Patient on Multiple Inotropic Agents: A Case Report.

The significance of serotonin syndrome due to drug-drug interactions has emerged as a prominent consideration when the effects of polypharmacy are reviewed. The emergence of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has most likely fueled the increased reporting of serotonin syndrome in the literature, leading to increased awareness of this phenomenon. However, their presence is not necessarily inclusive to a case and the utilization of agents precipitating an occurrence may be unavoidable. We report a case of serotonin syndrome occurring in a heart transplant patient without the presence of any of the usual suspect agents involved. In the postoperative course, the patient developed cardiogenic shock with vasoplegia requiring continuation of inotropic therapy along with vasopressor support of epinephrine. Oral terbutaline was begun for hemodynamic improvement. The patient's tenuous mental status rapidly deteriorated after addition of the terbutaline, with symptoms consistent with serotonin syndrome. Administration of cyproheptadine, a known reversal agent for serotonin toxicity, rapidly alleviated the adverse symptoms.

Comparison of Nitroglycerin and Terbutaline for External Cephalic Version in Women Who Received Neuraxial Anesthesia: A Retrospective Analysis.

External cephalic version is a technique that decreases the need for cesarean delivery in patients with breech presentation. Several techniques exist to increase the success of external cephalic version; however, there are no studies comparing different tocolytics in patients who also received neuraxial anesthesia. We, therefore, performed a review of 198 patients who presented for external cephalic version and compared their success rates based on the tocolytic medication utilized. The external cephalic version success rate for patients who received terbutaline was significantly higher than for those who received nitroglycerin (N [%]: 57 [65.6] terbutaline group versus 40 [36.0] nitroglycerin group; P < .001).

[Hyperlactatemia induced by inhaled ß2 agonists: An underrecognized side effect. Report of two cases]. / Hyperlactatémie induite par les ß2 mimétiques inhalés : un effet secondaire mal connu. À propos de deux cas.

BACKGROUND: Repeated use of inhaled ß2 agonists is common in asthma or COPD exacerbations. It can lead to hyperlactatemia. CASE REPORTS: We report two asthmatic patients who presented in the emergency department for an asthma exacerbation. The first patient developed hyperlactatemia at 3.9 mmol/L and the second patient developed hyperlactatemia at 5.6 mmol/L after terbutaline treatment. Both patients had a favorable outcome after adjusting the aerosol dose to clinical parameters. DISCUSSION: Lactic acidosis induced by the use of inhaled ß2 agonists is not synonymous of clinical deterioration. However, this side effect may be complicated by a tachypnea compensating for metabolic acidosis and should be known to avoid unnecessary therapeutic escalation.

Comparison of the efficacy of aerosol inhalation between the ipratropium bromide and terbutaline on the patients with AECOPD.

To observe the clinical efficacy of aerosol inhalation of ipratropium bromide and terbutaline on the patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 136 COPD patients with acute exacerbation were divided into the ipratropium bromide group (n=69) and the terbutaline group (n=67). Patients in the ipratropium bromide group were required to take ipratropium bromide, while those in the terbutaline group took terbutaline for 3 days. Then, changes in symptoms, vital signs, blood-gas indicators and pulmonary functions were compared and analyzed between two groups. In ipratropium bromide group, patients with amelioration in vital signs and symptoms, especially for the symptom of coughing (P<0.01), were more than those in the terbutaline group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). In addition, following medication, analysis showed that the improvement in the blood-gas indicators and pulmonary functions in the ipratropium bromide was excellent in comparison with the terbutaline group, especially the improvement in the pulmonary ventilation function (P<0.01). Comparison over the incidence rates of adverse events in the ipratropium bromide group and terbutaline group showed an evident difference (P<0.05). For treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, aerosol inhalation of ipratropium bromide is a safe but effective method.

As-Needed Budesonide-Formoterol versus Maintenance Budesonide in Mild Asthma.

BACKGROUND: Patients with mild asthma often rely on inhaled short-acting ß2-agonists for symptom relief and have poor adherence to maintenance therapy. Another approach might be for patients to receive a fast-acting reliever plus an inhaled glucocorticoid component on an as-needed basis to address symptoms and exacerbation risk. METHODS: We conducted a 52-week, double-blind, multicenter trial involving patients 12 years of age or older who had mild asthma and were eligible for treatment with regular inhaled glucocorticoids. Patients were randomly assigned to receive twice-daily placebo plus budesonide-formoterol (200 µg of budesonide and 6 µg of formoterol) used as needed or budesonide maintenance therapy with twice-daily budesonide (200 µg) plus terbutaline (0.5 mg) used as needed. The primary analysis compared budesonide-formoterol used as needed with budesonide maintenance therapy with regard to the annualized rate of severe exacerbations, with a prespecified noninferiority limit of 1.2. Symptoms were assessed according to scores on the Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 (ACQ-5) on a scale from 0 (no impairment) to 6 (maximum impairment). RESULTS: A total of 4215 patients underwent randomization, and 4176 (2089 in the budesonide-formoterol group and 2087 in the budesonide maintenance group) were included in the full analysis set. Budesonide-formoterol used as needed was noninferior to budesonide maintenance therapy for severe exacerbations; the annualized rate of severe exacerbations was 0.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10 to 0.13) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.14), respectively (rate ratio, 0.97; upper one-sided 95% confidence limit, 1.16). The median daily metered dose of inhaled glucocorticoid was lower in the budesonide-formoterol group (66 µg) than in the budesonide maintenance group (267 µg). The time to the first exacerbation was similar in the two groups (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.17). The change in ACQ-5 score showed a difference of 0.11 units (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.15) in favor of budesonide maintenance therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild asthma, budesonide-formoterol used as needed was noninferior to twice-daily budesonide with respect to the rate of severe asthma exacerbations during 52 weeks of treatment but was inferior in controlling symptoms. Patients in the budesonide-formoterol group had approximately one quarter of the inhaled glucocorticoid exposure of those in the budesonide maintenance group. (Funded by AstraZeneca; SYGMA 2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02224157 .).

Inhaled Combined Budesonide-Formoterol as Needed in Mild Asthma.

BACKGROUND: In patients with mild asthma, as-needed use of an inhaled glucocorticoid plus a fast-acting ß2-agonist may be an alternative to conventional treatment strategies. METHODS: We conducted a 52-week, double-blind trial involving patients 12 years of age or older with mild asthma. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three regimens: twice-daily placebo plus terbutaline (0.5 mg) used as needed (terbutaline group), twice-daily placebo plus budesonide-formoterol (200 µg of budesonide and 6 µg of formoterol) used as needed (budesonide-formoterol group), or twice-daily budesonide (200 µg) plus terbutaline used as needed (budesonide maintenance group). The primary objective was to investigate the superiority of as-needed budesonide-formoterol to as-needed terbutaline with regard to electronically recorded weeks with well-controlled asthma. RESULTS: A total of 3849 patients underwent randomization, and 3836 (1277 in the terbutaline group, 1277 in the budesonide-formoterol group, and 1282 in the budesonide maintenance group) were included in the full analysis and safety data sets. With respect to the mean percentage of weeks with well-controlled asthma per patient, budesonide-formoterol was superior to terbutaline (34.4% vs. 31.1% of weeks; odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00 to 1.30; P=0.046) but inferior to budesonide maintenance therapy (34.4% and 44.4%, respectively; odds ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.73). The annual rate of severe exacerbations was 0.20 with terbutaline, 0.07 with budesonide-formoterol, and 0.09 with budesonide maintenance therapy; the rate ratio was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.27 to 0.49) for budesonide-formoterol versus terbutaline and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.59 to 1.16) for budesonide-formoterol versus budesonide maintenance therapy. The rate of adherence in the budesonide maintenance group was 78.9%. The median metered daily dose of inhaled glucocorticoid in the budesonide-formoterol group (57 µg) was 17% of the dose in the budesonide maintenance group (340 µg). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mild asthma, as-needed budesonide-formoterol provided superior asthma-symptom control to as-needed terbutaline, assessed according to electronically recorded weeks with well-controlled asthma, but was inferior to budesonide maintenance therapy. Exacerbation rates with the two budesonide-containing regimens were similar and were lower than the rate with terbutaline. Budesonide-formoterol used as needed resulted in substantially lower glucocorticoid exposure than budesonide maintenance therapy. (Funded by AstraZeneca; SYGMA 1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02149199 .).

Licorice-induced apparent mineralocorticoid excess compounded by excessive use of terbutaline and high water intake.

This case highlights the clinical course of a 54-year-old male patient presenting with hypertension and long-term refractory hypokalaemia. He reported long-term malaise, fatigue and physical discomfort. Diarrhoea, vomiting, over-the-counter drugs, dietary supplements and any kind of medical abuse were all denied. Physical examination was normal. Suppressed plasma renin activity along with a low aldosterone level and elevated urinary cortisone/cortisol metabolite excretion ratio raised the suspicion of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME). The patient started treatment with spironolactone, but serum potassium levels were persistently fluctuating and the patient was hospitalised for further evaluation. During hospitalisation, repeated medical history and diagnostic examinations revealed licorice-induced AME complicated by excessive use of terbutaline and massive water intake. Licorice discontinuation, reduction of terbutaline and normalisation of water intake led to fully normalised potassium levels. Despite careful clinical history and diagnostic work-up, hospitalisation may be necessary in selected patients with long-term hypokalaemia.

Safety of Terbutaline for Treatment of Acute Severe Pediatric Asthma.

OBJECTIVES: The use of continuous intravenous terbutaline treatment in severe asthma attacks has been hampered by the lack of well-powered clinical trials where effects of such treatment are described in detail. Here, we aimed to provide a descriptive report on the largest cohort of severe pediatric asthma patients treated with terbutaline. METHODS: The study was conducted in a pediatric intensive care unit in a large metropolitan tertiary care university hospital on 124 patients receiving terbutaline infusion. To stratify the effect of, and determine any age-related differences of, terbutaline, the patients were divided into 3 age groups (0-6 years, 7-12 years, and 13-18 years). Clinical response and the potential harmful effects of terbutaline infusion were determined. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in systolic (varying between 86% and 93% of the baseline) and diastolic blood pressures (varying between 74% and 86% of the baseline level). However, the values returned to baseline level shortly after discontinuation of infusion. Terbutaline increased heart rates in all groups shortly after initiation (9%-13% above baseline), which returned to below baseline levels 1 hour after discontinuation. Serum potassium levels were also reduced in all patients compared to their baseline values after initiation of terbutaline infusion. However, none of the subjects required potassium replacement. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that overall, terbutaline infusion was well tolerated without irreversible adverse effects of the treatment. Although hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances occurred, these were clinically easily managed and posed little risk in emergency department or pediatric intensive care unit.

The novel combination of theophylline and bambuterol as a potential treatment of hypoxemia in humans.

Hypoxemia can be life-threatening, both acutely and chronically. Because hypoxemia causes vascular dysregulation that further restricts oxygen availability to tissue, it can be pharmacologically addressed. We hypothesized that theophylline can be safely combined with the ß2-adrenergic vasodilator bambuterol to improve oxygen availability in hypoxemic patients. Ergogenicity and hemodynamic effects of bambuterol and theophylline were measured in rats under hypobaric and normobaric hypoxia (12% O2). Feasibility in humans was assessed using randomized, double-blind testing of the influence of combined slow-release theophylline (300 mg) and bambuterol (20 mg) on adverse events (AEs), plasma K+, pulse, blood pressure, and drug interaction. Both drugs and their combination significantly improved hypoxic endurance in rats. In humans, common AEs were low K+ (<3.5 mmol/L; bambuterol: 12, theophylline: 4, combination: 13 episodes) and tremors (10, 0, 14 episodes). No exacerbation or serious AE occurred when drugs were combined. A drop in plasma K+ coincided with peak bambuterol plasma concentrations. Bambuterol increased heart rate by approximately 13 bpm. Drug interaction was present but small. We report promise, feasibility, and relative safety of combined theophylline and bambuterol as a treatment of hypoxemia in humans. Cardiac safety and blood K+ will be important safety endpoints when testing these drugs in hypoxemic subjects.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bambuterol analogues as novel inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase.

An increase activity of butyrylcholinesterase is believed to contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Bambuterol is a known potent inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase, but it has undesired cardiac effects and less lipophilicity. Thirteen bambuterol analogues were synthesized using 1-(3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone as a starting material. In-vitro cholinesterase assay established that the majority of the compounds are specific butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Out of the 13 compounds, two bambuterol derivatives, BD-6 and BD-11 exhibited similar efficacies in inhibiting butyrylcholinesterase with fewer effects on heart and enhanced possibilities of permeating through the blood-brain barrier as compared to bambuterol. These bambuterol analogues may provide better alternatives for treatments of Alzheimer's disease.

Success rate of terbutaline in inhibiting preterm labor for 48 h.

OBJECTIVE: To determine terbutaline success rate in postponing preterm labor for 48 h and to identify factors associated with its efficacy, side effects, maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective study analyzing data from pregnant women suffering from preterm labor who had received terbutaline for inhibition of labor from January 2007 to December 2013. RESULTS: A total of 385 cases were analyzed; there were 321 cases (83.4%) delivered ≥48 h and 64 cases (16.6%) delivered before 48 h. The factors that affect the success rate of terbutaline administration in singleton pregnancy were cervical dilatation (ORs 0.37; 95% CI 0.18-0.79) and cervical effacement (ORs 0.36; 95% CI 0.17-0.75). The most common side effect of terbutaline was tachycardia (95.1%), but there were no serious cardiovascular events and maternal death. Mean neonatal birth weight was 2.294.3 ± 638.4 g. Neonatal complications included respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) 16.2%, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) 1.4%, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 0.7%, sepsis 5.3%, and neonatal death 0.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The success rate of terbutaline in treatment of preterm labor was high whereas side effects were tolerable. Neonatal outcome was good. The factors that significantly affect the success rate of terbutaline administration in singleton pregnancy were cervical dilatation and cervical effacement. Thus, terbutaline can be used safely for short-term treatment of preterm labor.

Nifedipine versus terbutaline, tocolytic effectiveness and maternal and neonatal adverse effects: a randomized, controlled pilot trial.

Although previous evidence suggests advantages of nifedipine over terbutaline as tocolytic agents, in some jurisdictions, terbutaline is approved for use and nifedipine is not. In women in preterm labour, we compared the impact of terbutaline versus nifedipine on inhibition of uterine contractions, preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, intracranial haemorrhage or necrotizing enterocolitis, death or admission to a neonatal intensive care unit and maternal adverse reactions. We randomized 32 women to nifedipine and 34 to terbutaline. We found no difference between groups in tocolysis or preterm birth. No serious maternal adverse effects or serious neonatal adverse outcome occurred in either group. Less serious maternal adverse effects less common with terbutaline included flushing (2.94% versus 43.7%) and headache (5.9% versus 31.2%). The administration of terbutaline increased tremor (76.4% versus 0%), nausea (58.8% versus 9.4%) and dizziness (29.4% versus 6.25%). The total number of side effects, and the proportion of women experiencing one or more side effects, proved greater with terbutaline. In this study, terbutaline and nifedipine performed similarly in their tocolytic effects. Each drug has specific side effects, although overall, nifedipine was associated with fewer adverse effects.

Continuous terbutaline infusion in severe asthma in adults: a retrospective study of long-term efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: Long-term subcutaneous or intravenous infusion of terbutaline has been used to stabilize asthma in patients enduring frequent hospital admissions due to severe asthma despite maximum therapy. However, this treatment is not supported by significant body of evidence. AIM: To study long-term efficacy and safety of using continuous infusions of terbutaline in unstable severe asthma. METHODS: The available medical records of all patients received terbutaline infusions at a severe asthma unit between 1982 and 2008 were retrospectively studied. We retrieved data on treatment indication, asthma subtype, patient demographics, pre-treatment terbutaline trial outcome, duration of treatment, effect on lung function, hospital admissions, oral corticosteroids (OCSs) requirement, safety and side effects. RESULTS: Forty-two patients with adequate medical information were studied (31 females, mean age 43.6 years, 88% had type 1 brittle asthma and 12% had other severe asthma). This group of patients had a mean body mass index of 30.8 kg/m2, mean oral prednisolone or equivalent of 26.6 mg and mean predicted FEV1 of 66.8%. The mean treatment duration was 86.7 months (range 7-216). Long-term continuous terbutaline infusion significantly reduced hospital admissions (mean pre-treatment = 6.7 (95% CI 0.96-12.4) per annum, and mean annualized on-treatment admission = 3.3 (95% CI 0.63-6.9, p = 0.045). We observed overall reduction in OCSs use in 59% of patients with available data, but there was no significant change in lung function. Side effects related to terbutaline or the method of its infusion were common and some were serious especially when central venous access device were used. CONCLUSION: Continuous terbutaline infusion could be a treatment option for severe unstable asthma and may reduce hospital admissions. However, the treatment was associated with significant side effects and its use should be limited to centers possessing necessary expertise.

Transient occult cardiotoxicity in children receiving continuous beta-agonist therapy.

BACKGROUND: Continuous beta-agonist therapy, typically in the form of inhaled albuterol, is the first line therapy for the treatment of acute and severe bronchospasm in children. Although this treatment is commonly used, concerns about cardiotoxicity have been raised. We aimed to investigate the cardiotoxic effects of continuous beta-agonist therapy in children. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of children admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between May 2008 and April 2009, who were treated with continuous beta-agonist therapy (intravenous and nebulized). RESULTS: Twenty of the 36 children treated with continuous albuterol had repeated serum troponin-T and lactate levels measured. Eleven patients (55%) were also treated with continuous intravenous terbutaline. Elevated levels of troponin-T levels were found in 25% of children, and elevated lactate levels were found in 60%. However, all returned to normal levels within 48 hours of ICU admission, despite continued beta-agonist therapy. No children experienced arrhythmias during therapy. There was no association between intravenous terbutaline use and elevated troponin-T [odds ratio (OR), 1.3; 95% CI, 0.2-10.3] or with elevated serum lactate (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.1-3.7). There was also no association between elevated troponin-T or lactate and ICU or hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study, a significant proportion of children had elevated serum troponin-T and lactate levels while receiving inhaled continuous beta-agonist therapy, irrespective of intravenous therapy. However, these abnormal values all returned to normal within 48 hours of ICU admission and were not associated with increased duration of hospitalization.

Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes.

BACKGROUND: In women with preterm labor, tocolysis has not been shown to improve perinatal mortality; however, it is often given for 48 hours to allow for the corticosteroid effect for fetal maturation. In women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), the use of tocolysis is still controversial. In theory, tocolysis may prolong pregnancy in women with PPROM, thereby allowing for the corticosteroid benefit and reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with prematurity. OBJECTIVES: To assess the potential benefits and harms of tocolysis in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (15 January 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included pregnant women with singleton pregnancies and PPROM (23 weeks to 36 weeks and six days). We included any tocolytic therapy compared to no tocolytic, placebo, or another tocolytic. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All review authors assessed the studies for inclusion. We extracted and quality assessed data. MAIN RESULTS: We included eight studies with a total of 408 women. Seven of the studies compared tocolysis to no tocolysis. One study compared nifedipine to terbutaline. Compared to no tocolysis, tocolysis was not associated with a significant effect on perinatal mortality in women with PPROM (risk ratio (RR) 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 3.29). Tocolysis was associated with longer latency (mean difference (MD) 73.12 hours; 95% CI 20.21 to 126.03; three trials of 198 women) and fewer births within 48 hours (average RR 0.55; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.95; six trials of 354 women; random-effects, Tau² = 0.18, I² = 43%) compared to no tocolysis. However, tocolysis was associated with increased five-minute Apgar of less than seven (RR 6.05; 95% CI 1.65 to 22.23; two trials of 160 women) and increased need for ventilation of the neonate (RR 2.46; 95% CI 1.14 to 5.34; one trial of 81 women). In the subgroup analysis comparing betamimetic to no betamimetics, tocolysis was associated with increased latency and borderline significance for chorioamnionitis. Prophylactic tocolysis with PPROM was associated with increased overall latency, without additional benefits for maternal/neonatal outcomes. For women with PPROM before 34 weeks, there was a significantly increased risk of chorioamnionitis in women who received tocolysis. However, neonatal outcomes were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in maternal/neonatal outcomes in subgroup analyses comparing cox inhibitor versus no tocolysis, calcium channel blocker versus betamimetic, antibiotic, corticosteroid or combined antibiotic/corticosteroid. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Our review suggests there is insufficient evidence to support tocolytic therapy for women with PPROM, as there was an increase in maternal chorioamnionitis without significant benefits to the infant. However, studies did not consistently administer latency antibiotics and corticosteroids, both of which are now considered standard of care.